|
The conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust is one of the most controversial aspects of the record of Pope Pius XII during The Holocaust. According to John Morley, who wrote about Vatican diplomacy during the Holocaust, "one of the principal concerns of the Vatican, especially in the early days of the war, was those Jews who had converted to Catholicism, the so-called Catholic or Christian non-Aryans".〔Morley, 1980, p. 18.〕 Morley further argues that Pius XII was "primarily, almost exclusively, concerned about baptized Jews".〔 Moreover, Pius XII's purported fear of reprisals against "non-Aryan Catholics" is often cited as a motive for his not speaking out against the Holocaust.〔Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 49.〕〔Sánchez, 2002, p. 177.〕 In many Axis and Axis-occupied countries, racial legislation restricted, banned, or did not recognize the conversion of Jews to Christianity. Across Europe—in Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Slovakia—Pius XII's nuncios saved their staunchest protests for the effects of the various anti-Jewish laws on baptized Jews. According to Roth and Ritner, "this is a key point because, in debates about Pius XII, his defenders regularly point to denunciations of racism and defense of Jewish converts as evidence of opposition to antisemitism of all sorts".〔Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 44.〕 The Holocaust is one of the most acute examples of the "recurrent and acutely painful issue in the Catholic-Jewish dialogue", namely "Christian efforts to convert Jews".〔Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 236.〕 ==Brazilian Visa Project (1939-1941)== (詳細はBrazil.〔 This was followed by two years of diplomatic exchanges, starting with a instruction form Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione to Benedetto Aloisi Masella, the nuncio in Rio de Janeiro to request the visas from President Getúlio Vargas.〔 The visas were formally conceded by Vargas, through Brazil’s Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (CIC), on June 20, 1939.〔 From the very beginning, the visas came with strict conditions, "some necessary, others obstructionist", which grew stricter over time.〔Morley, 1980, pp. 18-19.〕 The visas were available to baptized Jews in Germany and other countries, but were required to submit a recommendation from the nunciature of their respective country.〔Morley, 1980, p. 19.〕 The emigrants were further required to prove that their baptism had occurred before 1933.〔 Protestant Jews were denied visas.〔 Later conditions included a substantial monetary transfer to the Banco do Brasil and approval by the Brazilian Propaganda Office in Berlin.〔 In the face of these many hurdles, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna wrote to Pius XII on February 4, 1941, asking for his immediate aid in granting the visas, in light of the beginning of deportation of the 60,000 Jews of Vienna, at least 11,000 of whom had been baptized.〔 A reply from Maglione outlined the various difficulties associated with such a step.〔 Innitzer was not satisfied, and complained again later that month.〔 The visa program was suspended on September 3, 1940, and officially ended on November 20, 1941.〔Morley, 1980, p. 20.〕 The Spanish and Portuguese governments had already refused to issue travel visas for those using the immigration visas to Brazil.〔 Innitzer updated the Vatican again on the increased pace of the deportations on May 20, 1942, and the Vatican tried for the last time to appeal to the Brazilians in July 1942.〔 Maglione wrote in December 1941 to the bishop whose request had initiated the project that: "as you have certainly been informed () many emigrants have departed and—I regret to say—from what I have been told, a good many of them, both by their improper conduct and alleged demands, have not corresponded to the concern which the Holy See has shown in their behalf".〔 The emphasis of Maglione's letter was not on the failure of a diplomatic effort, but chagrin at the alleged conduct and lack of gratitude of the recipients of the visas.〔 According to the ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'', by "improper conduct", Maglione could only have meant that the recipients continued to practice Judaism.〔Gutman, 1990, p. 1136.〕〔Lesser, Jeffrey. 1995. ''Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question''. University of California Press. p. 151–168.〕 It is difficult to verify the exact number of visas issued.〔 Only 1,000 visas were actually allocated to the Brazilian embassy in the Vatican, and most—although not all—were probably used.〔 The remaining 2,000 in control of the Brazilian officials in Germany were never used, not even in the early months of the project.〔 Maglione was "remarkably acquiescent" to the cancellation of the program and his response to the Brazilian ambassador about the possibility of reinstating the program in the future was "agonizingly impersonal and diplomatic".〔Morley, 1980, p. 21.〕 Morley views the importance of the Brazilian visa project as fourfold: first, in demonstrating the concern of Pius XII "primarily, almost exclusively" with baptized rather than unconverted Jews, and viewing their persecution primarily as an infringement on the rights of the church; second, in exemplifying the reliance on diplomacy, even as "an end in itself"; and third, in showing the reluctance of the pope to disturb the status quo, "even when a staunchly Catholic country reneged on its promise to the Pope"; and finally, the use of prior failure as an "apologia" against later proposals to aid Jews.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|